Dr. SPAHIC OMER
Associate Professor
Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design
International Islamic University Malaysia

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

• 1988-1992: BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN ISLAMIC AQIDAH AND PHILOSOPHY FROM AL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY, EGYPT, THE FACULTY OF USULUDDIN. GRADE: VERY GOOD. BEST STUDENT. (APPEARED IN AN EGYPTIAN NEWSPAPER AS BEST STUDENT).
• 1992-1995: MASTERS IN ISLAMIC REVEALED KNOWLEDGE AND HERITAGE FROM THE INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA (IIUM), KULLIYYAH OF ISLAMIC REVEALED KNOWLEDGE & HUMAN SCIENCES (ISLAMIC HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION). CGPA: 3.87 (out of 4.00).
• 1995-2000: PH.D FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA (KUALA LUMPUR) ACADEMY OF ISLAMIC STUDIES, DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC HISTORY & CIVILIZATION. (ISLAMIC HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION)

FIELD(S) OF INTEREST:

• Islamic studies;
• Islamic history and civilization;
• History, theory and philosophy of the Islamic built environment

LANGUAGES:

1. Bosnian (Native)
2. English (Excellent)
3. Arabic (Excellent)
4. Bahasa Malaysia (Very Good)

WORKING EXPERIENCE:

• JULY 1995 – JULY 1998: MANAGER of international student affairs in the Student Affairs & Development Division, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM).
• AUGUST 1998 – AUGUST 2000: LECTURER at the International Islamic University Malaysia, Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, Department of Usuluddin and Comparative Religion.
• SEPTEMBER 2000 – FEBRUARY 2004: ASSISTANT PROFESSOR at the International Islamic University Malaysia, Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design (KAED), Department of Architecture.
• FEBRUARY 2004 – to date: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR at the International Islamic University Malaysia, Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design (KAED), Department of Architecture (2004-2005), Department of Building Technology and Engineering (2005-2012), and Department of Applied Arts and Design (2012 onwards).

SUBJECTS TAUGHT:

• RKUD 3030A, Methods of Da’wah (Arabic)
• RKUD 3030, Methods of Da’wah (English)
• RKUD 3010A, Islamic Aqidah (Arabic)
• RKUD 3020A, Islamic Ethics (Arabic)
• IRKH 2500, Islamic Civilization (English)
• Fundamentals of Islam (Bosnian) for Bosnian students at IIUM
• UNGS 2030, Islamic World-view (English)
• HIST 2530, Survey of Islamic History and Civilization (English)
• UNGS 2040, Islam, Knowledge & Civilization (English)
• UNGS 2050, Ethics and Fiqh for Everyday Life (English)
• ALA 1231, Islamic Heritage in Landscape Architecture (English)
• AAR 1330, History of Islamic Architecture I (English)
• AAR 2134, History of Islamic Architecture II (English)
• AAR 1230, Qur’an, Sunnah & Built Environment (English)
• AUP 1233, Islamic Urbanism (English)
• AUP 3243, Islamic Planning Principles (English)
• RKGS 6100, Values, Ethics & Built Environment (postgraduate and MBA students) (English)
• HIST 4820, Rise and Fall of Civilizations (English)

AWARDS:

• Isma’il al-Faruqi Best Publication Award (University Level), 2003
• Excellent Researcher Award (Kulliyyah Level), 2003
• Best Research Award (Kulliyyah Level), 2004
• Best Library Customer Award (University Level), 2003
• Best Employee Award (Academic Staff) (Kulliyyah Level), 2004
• Best International Staff Award (Kulliyyah Level), 2005
• Outstanding Author Award (University Level), 2005
• Nominated for the Young Researcher of the Year Award (University Level), 2006

CONFERENCES/SEMINARS/WORKSHOPS:

Participated as PAPER PRESENTER in the following Conferences/Seminars/Workshops:

1. International Conference on Technology and Management for Sustainable Building; May, 2003; Pretoria, South Africa.
2. 1st International Conference on Islamic Built Environment: Transformation and Challenges; August, 2004; International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
3. International Conference on Future Vision and Challenges for Urban Development; December, 2004; Cairo, Egypt.
4. International Conference on Consequentiality: Mythology, Theology and Ontology; July, 2005; Sydney, Australia.
5. International Conference on City Planning (Asian Planning Schools Association Conference); September, 2005; Penang, Malaysia.
6. International Seminar on Religions for the Environment; October, 2001; Kuala Lumpur, Malayisa.
7. National Seminar on Mosque Architecture; October, 2000; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
8. National Seminar on Sustainability: Science and Management; May, 2003; Kuantan, Malaysia.
9. National Seminar on Islam & the Development of Excellent Cities; July, 2002; Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
10. National Seminar on Investing in Innovation; October, 2003; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
11. Member of a team that conducted a “Workshop on Islamic Design for Industry” as part of “Convention on Education and Professionalism”, Brunei Darussalam, 2-4.8.2005.
12. ARCHCAIRO 2006: International Conference on Appropriating Architecture Taming Urbanism in the Decades of Transformation, February, 2005; Cairo, Egypt.
13. International Conference on Sustainable Housing, September, 2006; Penang, Malaysia.
14. International Conference on Education for Sustainable Development, June, 2006; Penang, Malaysia.
15. National Conference on Environment & Community Development, January, 2007; Penang, Malaysia
16. International Congress on Religion and Mental Health, April, 2007; Tehran, Iran.
17. Third International Symposium on Housing: Neighborhoods are More than Houses, May, 2007; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
18. 2nd International Conference on Applied and Creative Arts, January, 2008, Sarawak, Malaysia
19. International Conference on Built Environment in Developing Countries, December, 2007, Penang, Malaysia
20. The Third Architecture and Sustainability International Conference, April, 2008, Biskra, Algeria
21. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2008), May, 2008, Penang, Malaysia.
22. International Conference on Social Sciences & Humanities (ICOSSH), June, 2008, Penang, Malaysia.
23. International Conference on Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development, November, 2009, Tripoli, Libya.
24. International Symposium on Construction in Developing Economies: Commonalities among Diversities, October, 2009, Penang, Malaysia.
25. International Conference on Communication and Environment: Transformation for a Sustainable Tomorrow, December, 2009, Penang, Malaysia.
26. International Conference on Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design, March, 2010, Penang, Malaysia.
27. International Conference on Technology & Sustainability in the Built Environment, January, 2010, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
28. National Seminar on Developing and Managing the Real Estate from an Islamic Perspective, August, 2009, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
29. Jubail International City Planning Conference and Exhibition, January, 2010, Jubail, Saudi Arabia.
30. International Conference on Arts, Social Sciences and Technology, February, 2010, Penang, Malaysia.
31. International Conference on Islamic Science and Technology, October, 2010, Johor Bharu, Malaysia.
32. International Conference on Islamic Civilization: Potentials and Challenges, March, 2011, Lahore, Pakistan.
33. ASEAN Conference on Scientific and Social Science Research, June, 2011, Penang, Malaysia.
34. International Conference on Community Development, April, 2012, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
35. Member of a team that conducted a“Workshop on Architecture and Arts of Andalusia”organized at the Islamic Arts Museum in Kuala Lumpur in conjunction with the Treasures of Aga Khan Museum: Architecture in Islamic Arts Exhibition, and the Creativity and Spiritual Path 2012 Forum; April, 2012, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
36. Economic Jihad International Conference, March, 2012, Kerman, Iran.
37. First International Conference on Islamic Built Environment, March, 2012, Bandong, Indonesia.
38. Good Socialization: The Family and the Home Responsibility, February, 2012, Nizwa, Oman.
39. National Seminar on Sustainable Development, June, 2012, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Paper accepted for presentation)>
40. International Symposium on Revisiting Islamic Civilization and Built Environment in the Malay World, September, 2012, Ipoh, Malaysia (as a keynote speaker).
41. Islamic Creativity and Innovation Festival, June, 2012, Sarawak, Malaysia.
42. International Conference on Islamic Architecture and Built Environment, March, 2013, Isfahan, Iran.
43. Second International Conference on Islamic Built Environment, November, 2013, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (paper accepted for presentation).
44. First World Congress on Integration and Islamicisation of Acquired Human Knowledge, August, 2013, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (paper accepted for presentation).
45. Seminar on Relevantization of Islamic Revealed Knowledge Disciplines, April, 2013, Kuala Lumpur.

MANAGEMENT (Kulliyyah and University levels):

• 2003-2005, Deputy Dean (Student Affairs), Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design, IIUM.
• 2001-2003, Coordinator for Kulliyyah Academic Enrichment at the Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design, IIUM.
• Since 2000, a member of several committees/boards/panels at both the University and Kulliyyah levels.
• Since February 2007, Principal of Mahallah al-Faruq (Residential College), IIUM

OTHERS (Kulliyyah, University  and International levels):

• In 1994, a Bosnian representative in the World Tilawah Competition held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
• In 1995, the postgraduate students of the Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge & Human Sciences initiated publishing an academic journal ‘Reflections’. I was a co-editor in its first year.
• Developed the syllabus of several courses at the Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design, IIUM.
• Since 2005, a member of the Editorial Board of “al-Tajdid”, a refereed journal (Arabic) of the International Islamic University Malaysia, IIUM. The Journal is a flagship of the University’s publications.
• A member of the Editorial Board of “Journal of the Islamic Built Environment”, a refereed journal of the Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design, IIUM, for its first issue (2005).
• An external reviewer for the International Conference on Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design, March, 2010, Penang, Malaysia, organized by the University of Science, Malaysia.
• An external reviewer for the international refereed journal of the School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science, Malaysia: “Journal of Construction in Developing Countries”.
• From March, 2010, a member of the senior board of advisers for the International Center for Islamic architecture from the Sunnah (CIAS), Faculty of Science and Technology, National Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia.
• From March, 2010, an external reviewer for the “Journal of Islamic Architecture” published by Faculty of Science and Technology, National Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia.
• From October, 2011, a member of the Editorial Board of “Journal of Architecture, Planning and Construction Management”, a refereed journal of the Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design, IIUM.
• From March, 2010, a member of the University’s Endowment Fund Advisory Council chaired the University’s Rector.
• 2009-2010, Chairman of the University’s Student Discipline Enforcement Committee
• An external reviewer for the International Conference on Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design, March, 2012, Penang, Malaysia, organized by the University of Science, Malaysia.
• An external reviewer for the International Conference on Sustainability through Biomimicry: Discovering a World of Solutions Inspired by Nature, 28 to 30 November, 2011, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, organized by the University of Dammam.
• An  external  reviewer for the the International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development published by Inderscience Publishers (www.inderscience.com).
• An  external reviewer  for the International Journal of Economic, Social and Global Studies published by the Faculty of Business and Administration, International University of Sarajevo, Bosnia.
• A founding member of www.medinanet.org, a scholarly website dedicated to the promotion of the Islamic built environment.
• A member of a team of writers for www.medinanet.org.
• A member of a team of writers for www.muslimtribune.org, a scholarly website dedicated to Islam and its contemporary challenges.
• A regular contributor to www.islamicity.com
• A regular contributor to www.islamonline.com
• Presently supervising 1 PhD and 1 Master’s students, as well as co-supervising 3 PhD and 2 Master’s students.

LONG-TERM RESEARCH PROJECTS

Completed:

1. “Studies in the Islamic built environment”, IIUM, 2002
2. “Prophet Muhammad and urbanization of Madinah: a study of the philosophy and principles”, IIUM, 2004.
3. “The origins and significance of funerary architecture in Islamic civilization”, IIUM, 2005
4. “The origins and functions of Islamic domestic courtyards”, IIUM, 2006
5. “The philosophy of decoration in Islamic architecture”, by the al-Bukhari Foundation / al-Bukhari Chair at KAED, 2007
6. “The evolution of the identity of Islamic architecture from the time of the Prophet Muhammad till the end of the first Abbasid period (1-247 H / 622-861 AC)”, by the al-Bukhari Foundation / al-Bukhari Chair at KAED, 2008.
7. “Integrating Islamic values into the functions of Muslim houses”, IIUM, 2009.
8. “The lessons of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) in housing”, IIUM, 2010.
9.  “The mosque institution in history: lessons for today”, IIUM, 2012.
10. “Pedentive dome’s mosque architecture in Bosnia: Islamic perspective on sustainable and holistic built environment in Balkan Region”, Sponsored by University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia (co-researcher), 2012.

On-going:

PUBLICATION:

(based on extensive research activities in Malaysia and abroad)

Books:

1. “Studies in the Islamic Built Environment”, 2002, IIUM Research Center, Kuala Lumpur, (255 pages); Second edition, 2004
2. “Qira’ah fi Zahirah Intiqal al-Hukm al-Islamiyy min al-Khilafah al-Rashidah ila al-Hukm al-Amawiyy” (A Reading in the Transition of the Islamic Rule from the Orthodox to the Umayyad Caliphate), 2004, IIUM Research Center, Kuala Lumpur, (170 pages);
3. “The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and Urbanization of Madinah: a Study of the Philosophy and Principles”, 2005, IIUM Research Center, Kuala Lumpur, (262 pages);
4. “Issues in the Character and History of the Islamic Built Environment”, 2005, IIUM Research Center, Kuala Lumpur, (270 pages);
5. “The Origins and Significance of Funerary Architecture in Islamic Civilization”, 2005, IIUM Research Center, Kuala Lumpur, (300 pages);
6. “The Origins and Functions of Islamic Domestic Courtyards”, 2007, IIUM Research Center, Kuala Lumpur, (300 pages);
7. “The Philosophy of Decoration in Islamic Architecture”, Al-Bukhari Foundation, International Islamic University Malaysia and MPH, Kuala Lumpur, 2009, 276 pages;
8. “Islam, Architecture & Urban Planning”, 2009, Arah Pendidikan, Kuala Lumpur, (296 pages);
9. “Islamic Architecture: its Philosophy, Spiritual Significance & Some Early Developments”, 2009, A.S. Noordeen, Kuala Lumpur, (394 pages);
10. “Death, Graveyards and Funerary Architecture in Islam”, 2008, A.S. Noordeen, Kuala Lumpur, revised edition, (379 pages)
11. “The Prophet Muhammad and Development of Madinah”, 2009, Arah Pendidikan, Kuala Lumpur, (276 pages)
12. “The History and Character of the Islamic Built Environment”, 2009, Arah Pendidikan, Kuala Lumpur, (264 pages)
13. “Islam and Housing”, A.S. Noordeen, Kuala Lumpur, ( 360 pages)
14. “Islamic Domestic Courtyards” (in press), International Islamic Publishing House, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (about 300 pages)
15. Decoration in Islamic Architecture” (in press), International Islamic Publishing House, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (about 260 pages)
16. “The Mosque as Community Center” (in press), IIUM Research Center, Kuala Lumpur, (about 270 pages)
17. “From Anatolia to Bosnia: Reviews on Pedentive Dome Mosque Architecture” (co-editor), University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia (214 pages)

• “From Mosques to Khanqahs: the Origins and Rise of Sufism and Sufi Institutions”, (in press), Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur, (about 170 pages)

Refereed Journal Papers:

1. “Islamic Values in House Design”, the USM Journal of Housing, Building and Planning, Vol. 8, 2002, pp. 31-56.
2. “Some Prophet’s Urban Planning and Development Lessons in the Wake of the Hijrah”, the USM Journal of Housing, Building and Planning, Vol. 9, 2002, pp. 45-61.
3. “Theological Conflicts in Early Islamic Era: The Execution of Ghaylan b. Muslim al-Dimashqi al-Qadari (105/723)”, Intellectual Discourse (International Islamic University Malaysia), Vol. 9, No. 2, 2002, pp. 205-217.
4. “The Creation of the City of Baghdad: Striking a Balance between Religion and the Quest for Power”, Al-Shajarah, Journal of International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2001, pp. 197-227.
5. “Al-Tahawwulat al-Siyasiyyah fi ‘Ahd Mu’awiyah b. Abi Sufyan” (Political Changes during the Rule of Mu’awiyah b. Abi Sufyan), the Journal of Islamiyyah al-Ma’rifah (Islamization of Knowledge), USA, Vol. V, No. 20, Spring 1421 AH / 2000 CE, pp. 61-107.
6. “I’tizal Wasil b. ‘Ata’ ’an al-Hasan al-Basri: Bidayah Marhalah Jadidah li al-Jadal al-Kalami” (The Separation of Wasil b. ‘Ata’ from al-Hasan al-Basri: the Beginning of a New Era in Dialectical Theology), al-Tajdid (International Islamic University Malaysia), Vol. 5, No. 10, August 2001, pp. 133-162.
7. “The Role of the Madinah Market in the Time of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)”, Al-Shajarah, Journal of International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2003, pp. 213-238.
8. “City Planning in Ibn Khaldun’s Thought”, ‘Islam in Asia’, (International Islamic University Malaysia), Vol. 2, No. 1, July 2005, pp. 141-160.
9. “Islamic Architecture: A Man-Made Sign amid the Signs of God in Nature”, Al-Shajarah, Journal of International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2004, pp. 211-238.
10. “Some Observations on the Phenomenon of the Islamic City”, Al-Shajarah, Journal of International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2005, pp. 219-255.
11. “The Pledge of Allegiance to ‘Ali b. Abi Talib and the Events that Sparked off the Battle of the Camel”, “Jurnal IKIM” (Malaysian Institute for Understanding of Islam), Vol. 8, No. 2, July/December 2000, pp. 93-118.
12. “Islamic Position on Building Mausoleums”, “Jurnal IKIM”, Vol. 9, No. 1, January/June 2001, pp. 69-95.
13. “The Principal Causes of the Karbala’ Tragedy”, “Jurnal IKIM”, Vol. 10, No. 1, January/June, 2002, pp. 21-42.
14. “The Role of Some Open Spaces in Madinah at the Time of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)”, “Jurnal IKIM”, Vol. 11, No. 2, July/December 2003, pp. 127-143.
15. “Relationship between Man and the Environment”, “Al-Nahdah”, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2001, pp. 15-21.
16. “The Significance of the Rock (Sakhrah) in the al-Aqsa Mosque”, “al-Nahdah”, Vol. 22, No. 3, 2003, pp. 4-9.
17. “The Role of the Mosque before the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)”, “al-Nahdah”, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2001, pp. 11-16.
18. “Death in Islam”, “al-Nahdah”, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2004, pp. 13-22.
19. “Our Relationship with the Holy Qur’an” (in Bosnian), “Takvim”, 2001.
20. “The Implications of Gradual Revelation of the Qur’an” (in Bosnian), “Preporod”, 6 parts, from No. 2/699, 15.1.2001, to No. 7/704, 1.4.2001.
21. “The Idea of Veil in Islam, Christianity and Judaism”, (in Bosnian), “Preporod”, 2000.
22. “Qur’anic Literary Styles”, (in Bosnian), “Takvim”, 2005.
23. “Political Views of Imam Abu Hanifah”, (in Bosnian), “Glasnik”, 1999.
24. “Civilizational Dimensions of Revelation” (in Bosnian), “Glasnik”, 1998.
25. “The Idea of Visiting Graves in Islam”, “al-Nahdah”, Vol. 23, No. 2-3, 2005, pp. 27-37.
26. “Towards an Understanding of the Concept of the Islamic House”, HBRC (Housing and Building National Research Center) Journal, Egypt. Vol. 2 No. 2. August, 2006.
27. “The Form of Madinah Houses during the Prophet Muhammad’s Time”, “Jurnal IKIM”, Vol. 12, No. 1, January/June 2004, pp. 87-102.
28. “Some Observations on the Houses of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and the First Muslims in Madinah”, ‘Al-Shajarah’, Journal of International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2007, pp. 15-43.
29. “Integrating the Islamic Worldview into the Planning of Neighborhoods”, “Journal of Construction in Developing Countries” (University of Science, Penang, Malaysia), Vol. 12, No. 2, 2007, pp. 63-80.
30. “Some Lessons from the Holy Qur’an on Housing”, ‘Al-Shajarah’, Journal of International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 2009, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 59-93.
31. “Towards Understanding Islamic Architecture”, “Islamic Studies” the Journal of Islamic Research Institute of the International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan, Vol. 47, Winter 2008, No. 4, pp. 483-510.
32. “The Evolution of the Identity of Islamic Architecture after Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)”, ‘Al-Shajarah’, Journal of International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 2009, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 207-241.
33. “The Lessons of Prophet Muhammad in Architecture: the Case of His Mosque in Madinah”, Intellectual Discourse, (International Islamic University Malaysia), (accepted for publication).
34. “Conceptualizing Islamic Architecture”, ‘Al-Shajarah’, Journal of International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 2010, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 199-228.
35. “Appreciating Beauty in Islam”, ‘Al-Shajarah’, Journal of International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, Vol.3, 2010, pp.4974.
36. “A Conceptual Framework for Sustainability in Islamic Architecture”, “Tafhim” Journal of IKIM (Malaysian Institute for Understanding of Islam), (Accepted for publication)
37.  “Sectional Analysis of Pendentive Dome Mosques during Ottoman Era”, (Co-author),Canadian Social Science, Vol. 6, No. 5, 2010, pp. 124-136.36)
38. “The Concepts of God, Man and the Environment in Islam: Implications for Islamic Architecture”, Journal of Islamic Architecture, International Center for Islamic Architecture from the Sunnah, Faculty of Science and Technology, National Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia, (accepted for publication)
39. “Prophet Muhammad’s Observations and Guidance on the Construction of Buildings”, ‘Insights’, a Journal of the International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan, (accepted for publication)
40. “Islamic Architecture and the Prospect of its Revival Today”, Journal of Architecture, Planning and Construction Management,KAED, IIUM, Vol. 1 Issue 1, 2011, pp. 1-17.
41. “Towards a Contemporary Islamic Housing”‘Al-Shajarah’, Journal of International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (accepted for publication)
42. “Tawhid and its Implications for Architecture”, Journal of Architecture, Planning and Construction Management, KAED, IIUM, Vol. 1 Issue 2, 2012, pp. 21-35.
43. “The Significance of Building Pursuits in Islam”, Journal of Islamic Architecture, International Center for Islamic Architecture from the Sunnah, Faculty of Science and Technology, National Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia, (accepted for publication)

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